UGC NET Syllabus 2025 (Available): Download Free UGC NET Exam Syllabus PDF

UGC NET Syllabus 2025

University Grants Commission UGC also determines the syllabus of both June UGC NET series, and in case of some changes, they release a notification. It is worth noting that any changes that will be made to the syllabus of the UGC NET will be in compliance with the NEP 2020 and any changes therein will be made known by the UGC chairman M Jagdesh Mamidala. 

The syllabus is divided into two sections: Paper 1 as it is generic and found in all exams and the second one is the one which contains specific questions concerning the area of specialisation the candidate took. Paper 1 contains a total of fifty Multiple-Choice Questions while paper 2 will contain 100 Multiple-Choice Questions both papers are to be answered within a duration of three hours. 

Thus it becomes imperative for the candidates preparing for the UGC NET 2024 which will be conducted to standards for eligibility for Assistant Professor and Junior Research Fellowship/Junior Research Fellow (JRF) in 83 subjects based on the latest syllabus and exam pattern. 

UGC to Revise Syllabus for NET

Recently, through his Twitter handle, the UGC chairman stated that a review of the forthcoming UGC NET 2024 syllabuses will be in accordance with the NEP 2020. This change decision was made on the 3rd of November in a meeting of the Commission and was later informed to the public. Candidates will be allowed adequate time to prepare in line with the changes in the syllabi as will be defined when they start to be implemented. Once modified the new updated syllabus for all 83 subjects has been uploaded on the website UGC NET website.

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus 2025

The UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus for 2024 includes topics from the General Paper on Teaching and Research Aptitude, which is universal and required for all candidates. The full syllabus for Paper 1 can be reviewed below.

Unit-I: Teaching Aptitude

• Teaching: Concept, objectives, levels of teaching (memory, understanding, and reflection), characteristics, and basic requirements.

• Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (academic, social, emotional and cognitive), individual differences.

• Factors: Factors affecting teaching related to Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment, and Institution.

• Methods of teaching in higher learning institutions: Teacher-centred vs learner-centred methods; offline vs online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.).

• Teaching support system: Traditional, modern, and ICT-based.

• Evaluation systems: Elements and types of evaluation, evaluation in Choice Credit Systems in higher education, computer-based testing, innovations in evaluation systems.

Unit-II: Research Aptitude

• Research: Meaning, types, and characteristics, positivism and post-positivist approach to research.

• Methods of research: Experimental, descriptive, historical, qualitative and quantitative methods.

• Steps of research.

• Thesis and article writing: Format and styles of referencing.

• Application of ICT in research.

• Research ethics.

Unit-III: Comprehension

• A passage of text is given. Questions are asked from the passage which need to be answered.

Unit-IV: Communication

• Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication.

• Effective communication: Verbal and non-verbal, inter-cultural and group communications, classroom communication.

• Barriers to effective communication.

• Mass media and society.

Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude

• Types of reasoning.

• Number series, letter series, codes, and relationships.

• Mathematical aptitude (fraction, time & distance, ratio, proportion and percentage, profit and loss, interest and discounting, averages etc.)

Unit-VI: Logical Reasoning

• Understanding the structure of arguments: Argument forms, the structure of categorical propositions, mood and figure, formal and informal fallacies, uses of language, connotations, and denotations of terms, the classical square of opposition.

• Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.

• Analogies

• Venn diagram: Simple and multiple uses for establishing the validity of arguments.

• Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.

• Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension)

• Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference)

Unit-VII: Data Interpretation

• Sources, acquisition and classification of data

• Quantitative and qualitative data

• Graphical representation (bar-chart, histograms, pie-chart, table-chart and line-chart) and mapping of data

• Data interpretation

• Data and governance

Unit-VIII: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

• ICT: General abbreviations and terminology

• Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing

• Digital initiatives in higher education

• ICT and Governance

Unit-IX: People, Development and Environment

• Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals

• Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the environment

• Environmental issues: Local, regional and global; air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), climate change and its socio-economic and political dimensions

• Impacts of pollutants on human health

• Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests

• Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies

• Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance

Unit-X: Higher Education System

• Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India

• Evolution of higher learning and research in post-independence India

• Oriental, conventional and non-conventional learning programmes in India

• Professional, technical and skill-based education.

• Value education and environmental education

• Policies, governance, and administration

UGC NET Teaching Aptitude Syllabus 

The teaching aptitude section aims to evaluate a candidate's teaching inclination. It features questions related to pedagogy and classroom activities. The detailed syllabus for teaching aptitude is provided below. 

• Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding, and Reflection), Characteristics, and basic requirements.

• Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional, and Cognitive), Individual differences.

• Factors: Factors affecting teaching related to Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment, and Institution.

• Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher-centred vs. Learner-centred methods; offline vs. Online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.).

• Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern, and ICT-based.

• Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of Evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher Education, Computer-based Testing, Innovations in Evaluation Systems.

UGC NET Research Aptitude Syllabus

• Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivist approach to research.

• Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative, and Quantitative Methods.

• Steps of Research.

• Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.

• Application of ICT in research.

• Research ethics

UGC NET Communication Syllabus

• Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication.

• Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication.

• Barriers to effective communication

• Mass-Media and Society

UGC NET Subject Wise Syllabus 2025

Candidates preparing for the UGC NET 2024 exam should review the detailed syllabus for their chosen subject. The article below provides a comprehensive subject-wise syllabus, which will assist candidates in developing an effective strategy for their exam preparation.

UGC NET Geography Syllabus 2025

Candidates preparing for UGC NET 2024 in Geography should review the updated syllabus to create an effective study strategy. The UGC NET Geography syllabus is divided into ten units. Below is a brief overview of the Geography syllabus for UGC NET.

UNIT 1: Geomorphology 

Continental Drift, Plate Tectonics, Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces. Denudation and Weathering, Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck), Theories and Process of Slope Development, Earth Movements (seismicity, folding, faulting and vulcanicity), Landform Occurrence and Causes of Geomorphic Hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and avalanches) 

UNIT 2: Climatology

Composition and Structure of Atmosphere, Insolation, Heat Budget of Earth, Temperature, Pressure and Winds, Atmospheric Circulation (air-masses, fronts and upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Climatic Classification of Koppen & Thornthwaite, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (Cyclones, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes, Hailstorms, Heat and Cold waves Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Climate Change, Evidences and Causes of Climatic Change in the past, Human impact on Global Climate. 

UNIT 3: Oceanography  

Relief of Oceans, Composition: Temperature, Density and Salinity, Circulation: Warm and Cold Currents, Waves, Tides, Sea Level Changes, Hazards, Tsunami and Cyclone 

UNIT 4: Geography of Environment 

Components: Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programmes and Policies, Legal Framework, Environmental Policy, International Treaties, International Programmes and Policies (Brundtland Commission, Kyoto Protocol, Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals, Paris Agreement)

UNIT 5: Population and Settlement Geography

Population Geography: Sources of population data (census, sample surveys and vital statistics, data reliability and errors). World Population Distribution (measures, patterns and determinants), World Population Growth (prehistoric to modern period). Demographic Transition, Theories of Population Growth (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, determinants and world patterns). Migration (types, causes and consequences and models), Population Composition and Characteristics (age, sex, rural-urban, occupational structure and Geographical levels), Population Policies in Developed and Developing Countries.

Settlement Geography: Rural Settlements (types, patterns and distribution), Contemporary Problems of Rural Settlements ( rural-urban migration; land use changes, land acquisition and transactions), Theories of Origin of Towns (Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, Lewis Mumford), Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (factors of urban growth, trends of urbanisation, size, structure and functions of urban areas). Urban Systems ( the law of the primate city and rank-size rule) Central Place Theories (Christaller and Losch), Internal Structure of the City, Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris and Ullman, and Hoyt), Concepts of Megacities, Global Cities and Edge Cities, Changing Urban Forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring and satellite towns), Social Segregation in the City, Urban Social Area Analysis, Manifestation of Poverty in the City (slums, informal sector growth, crime and social exclusion)

Unit 6: Geography of Economic Activities and Regional Development 

Economic Geography: Factors affecting the spatial organisation of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary), Natural Resources (classification, distribution and associated problems), and Natural Resources Management. World Energy Crises in Developed and Developing Countries.

Agricultural Geography: Land capability classification and Land Use Planning, Cropping Pattern: Methods of delineating crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi and Rafiullah), Crop diversification, Von Thunen’s Model of Land Use Planning. Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity, Regional Variations in Agricultural Productivity, Agricultural Systems of the World.

Industrial Geography: Classification of Industries, Factors of Industrial Location; Theories of Industrial Location (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred and D. M. Smith). World Industrial Regions, Impact of Globalisation on the manufacturing sector in Less Developed Countries, Tourism Industry, World Distribution and growth of Information And Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Geography and R & D) Industries.

Geography of Transport and Trade: Theories and Models of spatial interaction (Edward Ullman and M. E. Hurst) Measures and Indices of connectivity and accessibility, Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its variants, World Trade Organisation, Globalisation and Liberalisation and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Prospects of Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade.

Regional Development: Typology of Regions, Formal and Functional Regions, World Regional Disparities, Theories of Regional Development(Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman, Dependency theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, Regional Development and Social Movements in India.

Unit 7: Cultural, Social and Political Geography

Cultural and Social Geography: Definition of Culture, Culture Centres, Culture Zones, Culture Zones and Culture Region, Culture Assets, Culture Environment. Cultural Interaction, Social Relations and Structures, Social Welfare and Quality of Life, Social Marginalisation, Spatial Mobility of Social Groups in India Tribe/Caste/Religion/Language, Environment and Population, Disease Environment, Nutritional Status (etiological factors analysis, classification and spatial and seasonal distribution focusing India) Health care System and Policies in India, Medical Tourism in India. 

Political Geography: Political Geographical Divisions: Continental Divisions – Physical, Climatic and Ethnographical; Boundaries and Frontiers, Heartland and Rimland. Trends and development in political geography, the geography of federalism, electoral reforms in India, determining factors of electoral behaviour, the geopolitics of climate change, the geopolitics of world resources, Geopolitics of the Indian Ocean, regional organisations of cooperation (SAARC ASEAN, OPEC, EU). LOCATION OF WORLD NATURAL RESOURCES

Unit 8: Geographic Thought 

Concepts Developed by Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese and Indian Scholars, Concepts of Geographers Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humbolt, Carl Ritter, Schaefer & Hartshorne & the Influence of Darwinian Theory on Geographical Thought. Contemporary trends in Indian Geography, Geographical aspects, Thematic and Methodological contributions. Geographical Traditions (Geography as Earth Science, man environment geography, area geography and location and place perspective) Dualisms in Geographical Studies (physical/human geography, regional/systematic, qualitative/quantitative, idiographic/nomothetic) Geography’s Paradigm Shift, Geographical Views or Approaches (Positivism, Behaviouralism, Humanism, Structuralism, Feminism, and Postmodernism) 

Unit 9: Geographical Techniques 

Sources of Geographic Information and Data (spatial and non-spatial), Types of Maps, Techniques of Map Making (Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, Flow Maps) Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, Bar diagrams and Line Graph, GIS Database (raster and vector data formats and attribute data formats). Functions of GIS (conversion, editing and analysis), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Georeferencing (coordinate system and map projections and Datum), GIS Applications ( thematic cartography, spatial decision support system), Basics of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry), Types of Aerial Photographs, Digital Image Processing: Developments in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing and its applications in Natural Resources Management in India, GPS Components (space, ground control and receiver segments) and Applications, Applications of Measures of Central Tendency, Dispersion and Inequalities, Sampling, Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, ANOVA), Time Series Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analysis, Measurement of Indices, Making Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index, Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis, Morphometric Analysis, Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve, Hypsographic Curve and Altimetric Frequency Graph.

Unit 10: Geography of India

Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics, Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular), Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (mechanism and characteristics), Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere, Types and Distribution of Natural Resources, Soil, Vegetation, Water, Mineral and Marine Resources. Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, sex, occupational, Geographical, ethnic and religious), Determinants of Population, Population Policies in India, Agriculture ( Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional Variations in Agricultural Development, Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting Indian Agriculture; Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food. Industrial Development since Independence, Industrial Regions and their Characteristics, Industrial Policies in India. Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines), Internal and External Trade (trend, composition and directions), Regional Development Planning in India, Globalisation and its impact on the Indian Economy, Natural Disasters in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland Hazards and Disasters.)

UGC NET History Syllabus 2025

UGC NET English Syllabus

UGC NET Political Science Syllabus

Unit 1: Political Theory 

• Political Traditions

• Liberalism

• Conservatism

• Socialism

• Marxism

• Feminism

• Ecologism

• Multiculturalism

• Postmodernism

Unit 2: Political Thought 

• Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, Frantz, Fanon, Mao Zedong, John Rawls.

Unit 3:  Indian Political Thought

• Dharmashastra, Kautilya, Aggannasutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekanand, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N.Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, J L Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya.

Unit 4: Comparative Political Analysis 

• Approaches: Institutional, Political Culture, Political Economy and New, Institutionalism, Comparative Methods.

• Colonialism and decolonisation: Forms of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles and decolonisation.

• Nationalism: European and non-European.

• State theory: The debate over the nature of the state in capitalist and socialist societies, post-colonial states, welfare states, globalization and nation-states.

• Political regimes: Democratic (Electoral, Liberal, Majoritarian and Participatory) and non-democratic regimes (Patrimonialism, Bureaucratic authoritarianism, Military dictatorship, Totalitarianism, and fascism).

• Constitutions and Constitutionalism: Forms of constitutions, rule of law, judicial independence and liberal constitutionalism, emergency powers and the crisis of constitutionalism.

• Democratisation: Democratic transition and consolidation.

• Development: Underdevelopment, Dependency, Modernization, World Systems, Theory, development and democracy.

• Actor and Processes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Party Systems, Interest groups, Social movements, new social movements, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and civil society campaigns, Revolutions.

Unit 5: International Relations

• Approaches to the study of International relations: Idealism, Realism, Structural, Marxism, Neoliberalism, Neorealism, Social Constructivism, Critical International Theory, Feminism, Postmodernism. 

• Concepts: State, state system and non-state actors, Power, Sovereignty, Security.

• Conflict and Peace: Changing Nature of Warfare; Weapons of mass destruction, deterrence, conflict resolution, conflict transformation.

• United Nations: Aims, Objectives, Structure, and Evaluation of the Working of UN, Peace and Development perspectives; Humanitarian intervention. International law, International Criminal Court.

• Political Economy: Political Economy of IR, Globalisation, Global governance and Bretton Woods system, North-South Dialogue, WTO, G-20, BRICS

• Regional Organisations: European Union, African Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ASEAN.

• Contemporary Challenges: International terrorism, Climate change and Environmental Concerns, Human Rights, Migration and Refugees, Poverty and Development, Role of Religion, Culture and Identity Politics.

Unit 6: India’s Foreign Policy

• Perspectives on India’s Foreign Policy: India’s Identity as postcolonial, development, rising power, and emerging political economy Continuity and change in India’s Foreign Policy, Principles and determinants, Non-Alignment movement, historical background and relevance of Non-Aligned Movement, India’s Nuclear Policy India’s relations with major powers, USA, USSR/Russia, People’s Republic of China.

• India’s Engagement with the multipolar world: India’s relations with the European Union, BRICS, ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Gulf Cooperation Council

• India’s relations with the neighbourhood: SAARC, Gujaral doctrine, Look East/ Act East, Look West India’s Negotiation Strategies in International Regimes.

• Contemporary challenges: Maritime security, energy security, environmental security, migrants and refugees, water resources, international terrorism, cyber security.

Unit 7: Political Institutions in India

• Making of the Indian Constitution: Colonialism heritage and the contribution of the Indian National Movement to the making of the Indian Constitution.

• Constituent Assembly: Composition, Ideological Moorings, Constitutional Debates.

• Philosophy of the Constitution: Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles.

• Constitutionalism in India: Democracy, Social Change, National Unity, Checks and Balances, Basic Structure Debate, Constitutional Amendments.

• Union Executive: President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.

• Union Parliament: Structure, Role and Functioning, Parliamentary Committees.

• Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Court, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism, Judicial Reform.

• Executive and Legislature in the States: Governor, Chief Minister, State Legislature.

• Federalism in India: Strong Centre Framework, Asymmetrical Federal Provisions and Adaption, Role of Intergovernmental Coordination Mechanisms, Inter-State Council, Emerging Trends.

• Electoral Process and Election Commission of India: Conduct of Elections, Rules, Electoral Reforms.

• Local Government Institutions: Functioning and reforms.

• Constitutional and Statutory Bodies: Comptroller and Auditor General, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Minorities.

Unit 8: Political Processes in India

• State, Economy and Development: Nature of Indian State, Development Planning model, New Economic Policy, Growth and Human Development.

• Process of Globalisation: Social and economic implications.

• Identity Politics: Religion, Tribe, Caste, Region, Language.

• Social Movements: Dalit, Tribal, Women, Farmers, labour.

• Civil Society Groups: Non-Party Social Formations, Non-Governmental Organisations, Social Action Groups.

• Regionalisation of Indian Politics: Reorganisation of Indian States, States as Political and Economic Units, Sub-State Regions, Regional Disparities, Demand for the New States.

• Gender and Politics in India: Issues of Equality and Representation.

• Ideology and Social Basis of Political Parties: National Parties, State Parties.

• Electoral Politics: Participation, Contestation, Representation, Emerging Trends.

Unit 9: Public Administration

• Public Administration: Meaning and evolution, public and private administration.

• Approaches: System Theory, Decision Making, Ecological Approach.

• Public administration theories and concepts: Scientific Management Theory, Rational Choice theory, New Public Administration, Development Administration, Comparative Public Administration, New Public Management, and the changing nature of Public Administration in the era of liberalisation and Globalisation.

• Theories and Principles of Organization: Scientific Management Theory, Bureaucratic Theory, Human Relations Theory .

• Managing the organisation: Theories of leadership and motivation.

• Organisational Communication: Theories and Principles, Chester Bernard Principles of Communication, Information Management in the Organisation.

• Managing Conflict in the Organization: Mary Parker Follett.

• Management by Objectives: Peter Drucker.

Unit 10: Governance and Public Policy in India

• Governance: Governance, good governance and democratic governance, role of state, civil society and individuals.

• Accountability and control: Institutional mechanism for checks and balances, legislative control over the executive, administrative and budgetary control, control through parliamentary committees, judicial control over legislature and executive, administrative culture, corruption and administrative reforms, Institutional mechanisms for good governance, Right to Information, Consumer Protection Act, Citizen Charter, Grievance redress system, Ombudsman, Lokpal, Lokayukta.

• Grassroots Governance: Panchayati Raj Institutions and their functioning.

• Planning and Development: Decentralised planning, planning for development, sustainable development, participatory development, e-governance; NITI Aayog.

• Public policy as an instrument of socio-economic development: public policies with special reference to housing, health, drinking water, food security, MNREGA, NHRM, RTE.

UGC NET Computer Science and Application Syllabus

Unit 1: Discrete Structures and Optimization

• Mathematical Logic

• Sets and Relation

• Graph Theory 

• Optimisation 

• Counting, Mathematical Induction, and Discrete Probability

Unit 2: Computer System Architecture

• Digital Logic Circuits and Components 

• Data Representation 

• Basic Computer Organisation and Design

• Register Transfer and Micro Operations

Unit 3: Programming Languages and Computer Graphics

• Language Design and Translation Issue

• Elementary DataTypes 

• Object Oriented Programming 

• 2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing

• 3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations, and Viewing

Unit 4: Database Management Systems

• Database System Concepts and Architecture

• SQL

• Data Warehousing and Data Mining

• Normalisation for Relational Databases

• NoSQL

Unit 5: System Software and Operating System

• System Software

• Basics of Operating Systems

• Threads, CPU Scheduling

• Process Management

• Storage Management

Unit 6: Software Engineering

• Software Process Models

• Software Design

• Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects

• Software Configuration Management

• Software Quality

Unit 7: Data Structures and Algorithms

• Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences

• Data Structures

• Graph Algorithms

• Complexity Theory

• Advanced Algorithms

Unit 8: Theory of Computation and Compilers

• Theory of Computation

• Context-Free Language

• Unsolvable Problems and Computational Complexity

• Regular Language Models

• Code Generation and Code Optimization

Unit 9: Data Communication and Computer Networks

• Data Communication

• World Wide Web (WWW)

• Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers

• Mobile Technology

• Network Security

Unit 10: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

• Genetic Algorithms (GA)

• Natural Language Processing

• Knowledge Representation

• Multi-Agent Systems

UGC NET Economics Syllabus

Unit 1: Micro Economics 

• General Equilibrium Analysis

• Theory of Production and Costs 

• Factor Pricing

• Decision-making under an uncertain attitude towards risk

• Theory of Consumer Behavior

Unit 2: Macro Economics 

• National Income: Concepts and Measurement

• Consumption Function 

• Determination of output and employment 

• Investment Function 

• Inflation and Phillips Curve Analysis 

Unit 3: Statistics and Econometrics 

• Probability Theory 

• Sampling Methods & Sampling Distribution 

• Linear Regression Models and their properties 

• Statistical Inferences, Hypothesis testing 

• Descriptive Statistics 

Unit 4: Mathematical Economics 

• Differential Calculus and its Applications 

• Static Optimization Problems and their applications 

• Difference and Differential equations with applications

• Sets, functions and continuity, sequence, series 

• Linear Algebra–Matrices, Vector Spaces 

Unit 5: International Economics 

• International Trade: Basic concepts and analytical tools 

• Theories of International Trade 

• Trade Policy Issues; GATT, WTO, and Regional Trade Blocks 

• International Trade under imperfect competition 

• Exchange Rate: Concepts and Theories 

Unit 6: Public Economics 

• Market Failure and Remedial Measures 

• Regulation of Market 

• Public Budget and Budget Multiplier 

• Public Debt and its management 

• Fiscal Policy and its implications 

Unit 7: Money and Banking 

• Components of Money Supply 

• Capital Market and its Regulation 

• Commercial Banking 

• Instruments and Working of Monetary Policy 

• Non-banking Financial Institutions 

Unit 8: Growth and Development Economics 

• Economic Growth and Economic Development

• Theories of Economic Development 

• Indicators of Economic Development

• Models of Economic Growth 

• Technical progress 

Unit 9: Environmental Economics and Demography 

• Concepts and Measures: Fertility, Morbidity, Mortality 

• Age Structure, Demographic Dividend 

• Cost-Benefit Analysis, and Compensation Criteria 

• Valuation of Environmental Goods 

• Market Failure 

Unit 10: Indian Economy 

• Economic Growth in India: Pattern and Structure

• Indian Finance Commissions and Centre-State Financial Relations, FRBM 

• Reforms in Land, Labour, and Capital Markets 

• Poverty, Inequality & Unemployment 

• Infrastructure Development 

UGC NET Law Syllabus 2025

UNIT – I: Jurisprudence 

• Nature and sources of law

• Schools of jurisprudence

• Law and morality

• Concept of rights and duties

• Legal personality

• Concepts of property, ownership, and possession

• Concept of liability

• Law, poverty, and development

• Global justice

• Modernism and postmodernism

UNIT – II: Constitutional And Administrative Law

• Preamble, fundamental rights and duties, directive principles of state

• Union and State executive and their Interrelationship

• Union and State legislature and distribution of legislative powers

• Judiciary

• Emergency provisions

• Temporary, transitional and special provisions in respect of certain states

• Election Commission of India

• Nature, scope and importance of administrative law

• Principle of natural justice

• Judicial review of administrative actions 

UNIT – III: Public International Law And IHL

1. International law – Definition, nature and basis

2. Sources of International Law

3. Recognition of states and governments

4. Nationality, immigrants, refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs)

5. Extradition and asylum

6. United Nations and its organs

7. Settlement of international disputes

8. World Trade Organization (WTO)

9. International humanitarian law (IHL) - Conventions and protocols

10. Implementation of IHL - Challenges

UNIT – IV: Law of Crimes

• General principles of criminal liability – Individual and group liability and constructive liability.

• Stages of crime and inchoate crimes - Abetment, criminal conspiracy and attempt.

• General exceptions

• Offences against the human body

• Offences against state and terrorism

• Offences against property

• Offences against women and children

• Drug trafficking and counterfeiting

• Offences against public tranquillity

• Theories and kinds of punishments, compensation to the victims of crime

UNIT – V: Law of Torts And Consumer Protection

• Nature and definition of tort

• General principles of tortious liability

• General defences

• Specific torts – Negligence, nuisance, trespass and defamation

• Remoteness of damages

• Strict and absolute liability

• Tortious liability of the State

• The Consumer Protection Act 1986 - Definitions, consumer rights and redressal mechanism

• The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 - No fault liability, third party insurance and claims tribunal

• The Competition Act, 2002 - Prohibition of certain agreements, abuse of dominant position and regulation of combinations

UNIT – VI: Commercial Law

• Essential elements of contract and e-contract

• Breach of contract, frustration of contract, void and voidable agreements

• Standard form of contract and quasi-contract

• Specific contracts - Bailment, pledge, indemnity, guarantee and agency

• Sale of Goods Act, 1930

• Partnership and limited liability partnership

• Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

• Company law – Incorporation of a company, prospectus, shares and debentures

• Company law – Directors and meetings

• Corporate social responsibility

UNIT-VII: Family Law

• Sources and schools

• Marriage and dissolution of marriage

• Matrimonial remedies - Divorce and theories of divorce

• Changing dimensions of the institution of marriage.

• Recognition of foreign decrees in India on marriage and divorce

• Maintenance, dower and stridhan

• Adoption, guardianship and acknowledgement

• Succession and inheritance

• Will and gift

• Uniform Civil Code

UNIT –VIII: Environment And Human Rights Law

• Meaning and concept of ‘environment’ and ‘environmental pollution’

• International environmental law and UN Conferences

• Constitutional and legal framework for the protection of the environment in India

• Environmental Impact Assessment and control of hazardous waste in India

• National Green Tribunal

• Concept and development of human rights

• Universalism and cultural relativism

• International Bill of Rights

• Group rights – Women, children, persons with disabilities, elderly persons, minorities and weaker sections

• Protection and enforcement of human rights in India – National Human Rights Commission, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes and National Commission for Backward Classes

UNIT – IX: Intellectual Property Rights And Information Technology Law

• Concept and meaning of intellectual property

• Theories of intellectual property

• International conventions pertaining to intellectual properties

• Copyright and neighbouring rights – Subject matters, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies

• Law of patent – Patentability, procedure for grant of patent, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies

• Law of trademark – Registration of trademarks, kinds of trademarks, infringement and passing off remedies

• Protection of Geographical Indications

• Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge

• Information technology law- Digital signature and electronic signature, electronic governance, electronic records and duties of subscribers

• Cyber crimes, penalties and adjudication

UNIT – X: Comparative Public Law And Systems of Governance

• Comparative Law – Relevance, methodology, problems and concerns in Comparison

• Forms of governments – Presidential and parliamentary, unitary and federal

• Models of federalism – USA, Canada and India

• Rule of Law – ‘Formal’ and ‘substantive’ versions

• Separation of powers – India, UK, USA and France

• Independence of judiciary, judicial activism and accountability – India, UK and USA

• Systems of constitutional review – India, USA, Switzerland and France

• Amendment of the Constitution – India, USA and South Africa

• Ombudsman–Sweden, UK and India

• Open Government and Right to Information - USA, UK and India

UGC NET Buddhist, Jaina, Gandhian and Peace Studies Syllabus 2024

Unit I

• Life of Gautama the Buddha and the Origin of Buddhism (From the birth to Mahaparinirvana and the events that happened thereafter).

• Buddhist Councils (From first to fourth) and the contribution of great emperors Asoka and Kaniska to the spread of Buddhism in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, China, and Tibet.

• Schools of Buddhism: Theravada and four Philosophical Schools (Vaibhasika, Sautrantika, Vijnanavada, and Madhyamika). 

• Pali and Sanskrit Canonical Buddhist Literature (Pali Tipitaka and Sanskrit Vaipulya Sūtras). 

• Life and Works of Buddhaghosa, Nagarjuna, Vasubandhu and Dharmakirti.

Unit II 

• Three modes of Teachings of the Buddha: Sīla, Samadhi, and Prajna.

• Philosophical Concepts: Trilaksanas: Anitya, Duhkha, and Anatma.

(ii) Noble Truths 

(iii) Pratitya-samutpada 

(iv) Citta-santati and alaya-vijnana 

(v) Sunyata and Nirvana

• Buddhist Meditation: Samatha and Vipassana

• Six heretical thinkers, contemporary to the Buddha and their Philosophy

Unit III 

• Ancient Buddhist Educational Institutions.

• Buddhist Sculpture and Architecture

• Places of Buddhist Pilgrimage

• Revival of Buddhism and Contribution 

• Impact of Buddhism on Social and Economic Life

Unit IV

• History of Jainism: Kalacakra (cycle of time) and the tradition of Tīrthankaras.

• Jain Sects and their sub-division. 

• Five Preceptors, Prayer, Bhakti, Three Jewels.

• Prakrit Canonical (Agama) Literature and their councils. 

Unit V 

• Seven elements and six substances, theory of Karma and its classification.

• The concept of Knowledge and its classification

• Jain Yoga and Dhyāna

• The Concept of Liberation in Jainism

Unit VI

• Jain Art and Architecture: Jain caves and temples of Southern India, Jain Temples.

• Jain Sculptures, Paintings, and Jain Iconography: Important Jain Sculptures available in India.

• Impact of Jain Religion on Society: Vegetarianism and Charity and Status of Women in Jain Religion.

• Environmental and Ecological Thoughts in Jainism, Jainism and Science.

• Main Centres of Jaina Learning: Ahmedabad, Varanasi, Vaishali, Koba, Ladnun, Jaipur, Delhi; Jainism in abroad.

Unit VII 

Mahatma Gandhi: 

(i) Family background 

(ii) Early life and education in India and England 

(iii) Impact of various Religions and their Scriptures

Gandhi in South Africa: 

(i) The origin of Satyagraha 

(ii) Struggle against Racial discrimination, injustice, and exploitation 

(iii) Impact of Leo Tolstoy, John Ruskin, Henry David Thoreau, Raichandra Bhai, etc.

Unit VIII 

Foundations of Gandhi’s Social, Political, Economic and Religious Thought: 

(i) Views on Social Justice, Social inequalities, Caste System and Untouchability. 

(ii) Women’s Problems and Empowerment 

(iii) Gandhi’s views on Truth, Non-Violence, Satyagraha and the Theory of ends and means 

State and Democracy: 

(i) Panchayat Raj 

(ii) Parliamentary Democracy, Sovereignty, Freedom, Spiritualization of politics 

(iii) Human Rights and Duties.

Fundamentals of Gandhian Economics: 

(i) Critique of Modern Western Civilization, Labour-Capital Relations 

(ii) Small-Scale Cottage Industries 

(iii) Constructive Programme and Sustainable Development. 

Unit IX

Gandhi’s Role in the Freedom Movement: 

(i) Champaran 

(ii) Non-Cooperation 

(iii) Ahmedabad Mill Strike, Dandi March 

(iv) Bardoli and Kheda Satyagraha 

(v) His Role in Vykom Satyagraha and Quit India Movement. 

Unit X

Peace Studies: 

(i) Understanding Peace – Coercive and Non-Coercive Approaches, Culture of Peace.

(ii) The problem of War: Causes, Types, Attributes and Theories of War. 

Major Peace Movements: 

(i) Pacifism, Civil Rights Movement in U.S.A. Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament by various Agencies.

(ii) Green Peace Movement.

(iii) The contemporary Global Issues regarding World War and the Quest for Peace.

(iv) Legacy of Peace Builders: Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King (Jr.), Daisaku Ikeda and Nelson Mandela.

Conflicts: 

(i) Concept, Nature and Causes, Methods of Conflict Resolution.

(ii) Agencies of Conflict Resolution, UN Peacekeeping, Peace Building, Peace Education, Adjudication, Role of Shanti Sena, Track–II Diplomacy, etc. 

Human Security and Terrorism: 

(i) The problem of Terrorism 

(ii) Structural and State Violence

UGC NET Environmental Science Syllabus 2024

• Unit-I: Fundamentals of Environmental Sciences 

• Unit-II: Environmental Chemistry

• Unit-III: Environmental Biology 

• Unit-IV: Environmental Geosciences

• Unit-V: Energy and Environment

• Unit-VI: Environmental Pollution and Control 

• Unit-VII: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

• Unit-VIII: Environmental Assessment, Management and Legislation

• Unit-IX: Statistical Approaches and Modelling in Environmental Sciences 

• Unit-X: Contemporary Environmental Issues 

UGC NET mock test 2025

Taking the UGC NET mock tests for 2025 is crucial for exam preparation. The National Testing Agency (NTA) provides free mock tests for both Paper 1 and Paper 2, which allow candidates to gauge their performance and familiarise themselves with the exam format. These mock tests are essential for understanding the exam pattern, identifying strengths and weaknesses, and improving speed and accuracy. Reviewing the UGC NET exam pattern and syllabus is the initial step in preparation, and practising with mock tests helps candidates refine their strategies, plan their study schedule, and aim for better scores.

How to Take NTA UGC NET Mock Test 2025?

To take the UGC NET 2025 mock test for Papers 1 and 2, follow these steps:

• Visit the official UGC NET website: UGC NET website.

• Click on the ‘Mock Test – UGC NET Exam’ link.

• Choose the exam and paper you want to take the mock test for.

• Click on the ‘Start Mock Test’ button.

• Click on the ‘Login’ button.

• Carefully read all the instructions provided.

• Check the box to agree to the declaration at the end of the page.

• Click on ‘Proceed.’

• Select the correct answer from the four available options.

• Click on ‘Save & Next,’ ‘Save & Mark for Review,’ or ‘Clear Response’ as needed.

• Repeat the above steps until you reach the last question.

• Click on ‘Submit.’

• Click on ‘Yes’ to confirm submission.

• Click on ‘View Result’ to see your total score and the correct answers for all questions.

Best UGC NET Books for Preparation

Below are the details of the best books of UGC NET:

UGC NET Syllabus 2025

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has announced the curriculum for the June session, along with the UGC NET Notification 2025. Candidates preparing for the NTA UGC NET exam must thoroughly understand the syllabus. The syllabus is intended for those who want to become assistant professors, junior research fellows (JRF), or pursue a doctorate.

Understanding the Papers 1 and 2 UGC NET 2025 syllabus is the first step in exam preparation. To properly prepare for the exam, aspirants must be conversant with the most recent UGC NET exam pattern and syllabus. The NTA NET 2025 exam will be offered in 85 disciplines to determine students' eligibility for positions as Assistant Professor and/or Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) in Indian universities and colleges. The UGC NET exam syllabus is provided in full below.

UGC NET Syllabus 2025

The UGC NET syllabus is divided into two sections: UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus 2025 and UGC NET Paper 2 Syllabus 2025. The UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus applies to all applicants who will take the UGC NET. However, the UGC NET paper 2 syllabus varies per subject. Paper 2 includes subject-specific questions in which the candidates specialise. Paper 1 contains 50 MCQs, whereas Paper 2 contains 100 MCQs that must be completed within 3 hours.

The Commission included 'Ayurveda Biology' to the UGC NET topic list beginning in December 2024. The UGC NET 2024 December session test was held from January 3 to January 27, 2025, covering 85 courses. If the UGC NET curriculum for any subject(s) is amended, the NTA will release a formal announcement along with the new syllabus.

UGC To revise the syllabus for NET

The UGC chairman announced on his social media profile that the UGC NET 2025 syllabus will be changed soon. However, the candidates will be given enough time to prepare before the UGC NET syllabus is changed. On November 3, 2023, the Commission had a meeting and decided to alter the syllabus. The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasized the need for reform. The new syllabus for all disciplines will be rewritten in accordance with the NEP 2020.

The most recent UGC NET syllabus 2025 will be posted on this page as soon as it is updated and made available on the official website.

Evaluation Systems: Elements and kinds of evaluation; evaluation in Choice Based Credit Higher education systems, computer-based testing, and evaluation system advancements.

UGC NET Paper 1 Syllabus 2025

The UGC NET Paper 1 syllabus 2025 includes themes from the General Paper on Teaching and Research Aptitude, which is common and required for all applicants. Check out the whole UGC NET Syllabus for Paper 1 below.

Unit-I: Teaching Aptitude  

• Teaching: Concept, objectives, levels of teaching (memory, understanding, and reflective), characteristics, and basic requirements
• Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (academic, social, emotional and cognitive), individual differences
• Factors affecting teaching related to Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment, and Institution
• Methods of teaching in higher learning institutions: Teacher-centred vs learner-centered methods; offline vs online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, etc.).
• Teaching support system: Traditional, modern, and ICT based
• Evaluation systems: Elements and types of evaluation, evaluation in Choice Based Credit Systems in higher education, computer-based testing, innovations in evaluation systems

Unit-II: Research Aptitude  

• Research: Meaning, types, and characteristics, positivism and post-positivistic approach to research
• Methods of research: Experimental, descriptive, historical, qualitative and quantitative methods
• Steps of research
• Thesis and article writing: Format and styles of referencing
• Application of ICT in research
• Research ethics

Unit-III: Comprehension  

• A passage of text is given. Questions are asked from the passage which needs to be answered.

Unit-IV: Communication  

• Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication
• Effective communication: Verbal and non-verbal, inter-cultural and group communications, classroom communication
• Barriers to effective communication
• Mass-media and society

Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude  

• Types of reasoning
• Number series, letter series, codes, and relationships
• Mathematical aptitude (fraction, time & distance, ratio, proportion and percentage, profit and loss, interest and discounting, averages etc.)

Unit-VI: Logical Reasoning  

• Understanding the structure of arguments: Argument forms, the structure of categorical propositions, mood and figure, formal and informal fallacies, uses of language, connotations, and denotations of terms, the classical square of opposition
• Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning
• Analogies
• Venn diagram: Simple and multiple uses for establishing the validity of arguments
• Indian Logic: Means of knowledge
• Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension)
• Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference)

Unit-VII: Data Interpretation  

• Sources, acquisition and classification of data
• Quantitative and qualitative data
• Graphical representation (bar-chart, histograms, pie-chart, table-chart and line-chart) and mapping of data
• Data interpretation
• Data and governance

Unit-VIII: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)  

• ICT: General abbreviations and terminology
• Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing
• Digital initiatives in higher education
• ICT and Governance

Unit-IX: People, Development and Environment  

• Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals
• Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on the environment
• Environmental issues: Local, regional and global; air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), climate change and its socio-economic and political dimensions
• Impacts of pollutants on human health
• Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests
• Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies
• Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance

Unit-X: Higher Education System  

• Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India
• Evolution of higher learning and research in post-independence India
• Oriental, conventional and non-conventional learning programmes in India
• Professional, technical and skill-based education.
• Value education and environmental education
• Policies, governance, and administration

UGC NET Teaching Aptitude Syllabus

The teaching aptitude component is designed to assess a candidate's teaching propensity. The questions are centered on pedagogy and classroom-based activities. The whole syllabus for teaching aptitude is given below:

• Teaching: concept, objectives, instructional levels (memory, understanding, and reflective), characteristics, and fundamental criteria.
• Learner Characteristics: Adolescent and adult learners' characteristics (academic, social, emotional, and cognitive), as well as individual variances.
• Teaching factors: Teaching factors include the teacher, the learner, supporting materials, instructional facilities, the learning environment, and the institution.
• Methods of instruction at higher education institutions: Teacher-centered vs. learner-centered approaches; offline vs. online methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs, and others).
• Teaching Support Systems: Traditional, Modern, and ICT-Based.
• Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of Evaluation, Evaluation in a Choice Based Credit System in Higher Education, Computer-based Testing, Innovations in Evaluation Systems

UGC NET Research Aptitude Syllabus

The research aptitude portion is meant to assess the candidates' tendencies and knowledge that will be employed when pursuing the PhD. The syllabus for the UGC NET Research Aptitude is provided below for the candidates:

• Research: Meaning, types, and characteristics of research, as well as the positivist and post-positivist approaches to research.
• Methods of research:  include experimental, descriptive, historical, qualitative, and quantitative methods.
• Steps in Research
• Thesis and article writing: Citation format and styles.
• Use of ICT in research.
• Research Ethics

 UGC NET Communication Syllabus

The UGC NET communication syllabus is intended to assess candidates' communication knowledge. The UGC NET communication syllabus has been provided below for the candidates:

• Communication: The definition, types, and features of communication.
• Effective Communication: Verbal and nonverbal communication, intercultural and group interactions, classroom communication
• Barriers to Effective Communication
• Mass Media and Society

UGC NET Subject-wise Syllabus 2025  

Candidates preparing for the UGC NET exam 2025 should familiarize themselves with the subject's entire syllabus. The article below provides a thorough subject-wise syllabus for the candidates. Candidates can use the detailed curriculum to plan their approach for the UGC NET 2025 exam.  

UGC NET Ayurvedic Biology Syllabus 2025  

Candidates can find more information regarding the Ayurvedic Biology syllabus unit by unit below. The curriculum is made up of ten modules. Scroll down for a complete Ayurvedic biology syllabus.

 Ayurvedic Biology (Units):

Unit 1: History and Development of Ayurveda.

Unit 2: Philosophy and Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda.

Unit 3: Sharira Rachna and Kriya

Unit4: Padartha Vijnana and Dravya Vijnana.

Unit 5: Rasa Shastra, Bheshajya Kalpana, and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia.

Units 6: Disease Biology, Microbiology, Immunology

Units 7: Genetics, Ayurgenomics, Cell and Molecular Biology

Units 8: Physiology, Biochemistry, and Nanotechnology

Units 9: Biodiversity and Environmental Health, Intellectual Property Rights, and Entrepreneurship

Units 10: Research Methodology, Biostatistics, and Ayurveda-informatics.

Detailed Ayurveda Biology syllabus: 
 

Unit 1: History and Development of Ayurveda.

i. The Vedic origin and chronological development of Ayurveda.

ii. Ayurveda and different schools

iii. Understanding and relevance of aṣṭāṅga Ayurveda

iv. Ayurvedic texts and commentary

v. Commentators' Contribution to Ayurveda

vi. Introduction to bṛhattrayī and its significance.

vii. Introduction to Laghutrayī and its significance.

viii. Understanding nighaṇṭu and kośa in Ayurveda.

ix. Recent publications on Ayurveda

x. Government initiatives for the development of Ayurveda.

Unit 2: Philosophy and Fundamental Principles of Ayurveda.

i. āyu - Lakṣaṇa, Paryāya, Paribhāṣā, and Pramāṇa.

ii. Definitions for śarīra, jñānendriya, karmendriya, mana, buddhi, citta, ahaṃkāra, and ātmā.

iii. The significance of Lokapuruṣa sāmya siddhānta, ekadhātu puruṣa, ṣaḍdhātuja puruṣa, and caturviṃśati tatvātmaka puruṣa.

iv. Ayurveda definitions include hitāyu (ahitāyu), sukhāyu (dukhāyu), and trisūtra āyurveda (hetu).

Liṅga-auṣadha-jñāna svastha ātura.

v. svāsthya lakṣaṇa - Dimensions of Health Corresponding to Nature, Prakṛti, ṛtucaryā, Dinacaryā, and Svasthavṛtta

vi. The unique qualities of paṃcamahābhūta (ākāśa-vāyu-agni-jala-pṛthvī)

vii. Theories of Sammānya and Viśeṣa.

viii. Padārtha's theories include dravya-guṇa-karma-sāmānya-viśeṣa-samavāya.

ix. Doṣa: śarīrika and mānasika.

x. Introduction to Dhātu, Mala, Agni, and Rotas.

 Unit 3: Sharira Rachna and Kriya

i. Introduction to śarīra Racanā Kriyā.

ii. Garbhaśarīra (fetal development) includes śukra, ārtava, garbhādhāna, and garbha.

Mahanumāsika Garbha

iii. Introducing śarīra pramāṇa, saṃkhyā śarīra, aṅga-pratyaṅga-koṣṭhāṅga, and āśaya.

iv. Introduction to Deha Prakṛti and Manasa Prakṛti.

v. Introduction to Doṣa, Satta Dhātu, and Mala Vijñāna

vi. Definition and types of: asthi, sandhi, snāyu, peśī, parva, and kaṇḍarā.

vii. Definition, types, and quantities of srotas, dhamanī, śirā, and nāḍī.

viii. Ojas and its importance

ix. Agni is classified into three types: jaṭharāgni, dhātvāgni, and bhūtāgni.

x. Marma: Definition and Types

Unit 4: Padartha and Dravya Vijnana

i. Padārtha: Definition and Types - Sabtapadārtha

ii. Definition and classification of pramā, prameya, pramātā, pramāṇa, and pramāṇa catuṣṭaya.

iii. The definition and types of pramāṇa include āptopadeśa, pratyakṣa, anumāna, and yukti pramāṇa.

iv. Dravya has two types: kāraṇa and kārya.

Auṣadha and āhāra dravya, āyuṣya-anāyuṣya dravya.

vi. The fundamental notion of rasa pañcaka.

vii. Dravya consists of nāma, rūpa, guṇa, karma, yoga, prayoga, and saṃyoga.

viii. Guṇa, vīrya, and vipāka: fundamental concepts, classification, and applications.

ix. The fundamental concept of karma and its classification.

x. Dravya in line with karma, and its applications in health and sickness

Unit 5: Rasa Shastra, Bheshajya Kalpana, and Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia.

• Rasa Shastra & Bhaiṣajya Kalpana

i. Origin and Development of Rasa śāstra and Bhaiṣajya Kalpanā

ii. Definition and Types of Rasa: śodhana Prakāra and Saṃskāra.

iii. Uparasa sādhāraṇa rasa, ratna, and uparatna - Definition; Types of śodhana and māraṇa.

iv. The principles of auṣadha nirmāṇa include jāraṇa, māraṇa, satvapātana, nirvāpa, and āvāpa.

v. Basic principle of Bhaiṣajya Kalpanā.

vi. Rasaśālā: Conventional and Contemporary Aspects, Good Collection and Manufacturing Practices.

vii. There are two types of āyurvedic dosage forms: basic pharmaceutical and secondary.

viii. Puṭa: Definition, Types, and Pharmaceutical Applications

ix. Auṣadha Sevana Kala and Auṣadha Sevana Marga

• Pharmacopoeia:

i. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API): Introduction, Development, and Importance

ii. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI): Introduction, Development, and Importance

iii. Standardization of ASU medicines under the medicines and Cosmetics Act of 1940

iv. Extra-pharmacopoeial medications (Anukta dravya) do not find place in Ayurvedic Classics.

v. Understanding of pharmacovigilance in Ayurveda and traditional medicine.

vi. Pharmacogenomics of Ayurvedic active substances using a multi-omics method.

Unit 6 : Disease biology, microbiology, and immunology

• Disease biology:

i. Definition of Disease, Etiology, and Pathology.

ii. Congenital and acquired illnesses.

iii. Communicable and noncommunicable illnesses.

iv. Genetic and epigenetic variables in health and illness

v. Autoimmune conditions and lifestyle disorders

vi. Deficiency and metabolic disorders

vii. Psychological disorders.

viii. Benign tumors and different forms of malignancy

 • Microbiology

i. Historical perspectives on microbiology, immunization, epidemics, and pandemics

ii. Antimicrobial resistance, microbial immune response, sterilization, and disinfection

iii. Microbial Diversity and Physiology

iv. Gut-Brain axis (GBA) and the microbiome

v. Microorganism isolation and characterisation, culture medium

vi. Environmental microflora, bio-remediation, dairy microbiology, indicator organisms, testing, and waterborne diseases

vii. Genetic recombination, transformation, conjugation, and transduction.

• Immunology

i. RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma proteins play important roles in immunological processes.

ii. Biophysics of Immune System, Structure of antigen and antibody molecules, Antigen identification by T cells and B cells, B-cell receptors, TCR gene rearrangement, antigen presentation, and the MHC/HLA complex

iii. Antigen antibody responses, innate immune cells, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), pathogen recognition receptors (PRR), and the complement system.

iv. Natural and acquired immunity, cell-mediated immunity, toxicity, and cytokines.

v. Immunopathology and autoimmune illnesses; transplant rejection and allergies; immunomodulators.

vi. Antibody isolation and purification, ELISA, immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, immune cell separation, flow cytometry, and immunotherapy.

vii. History of vaccines, attenuated vaccine, heat-killed vaccine, subunit vaccine, recombinant vaccine, DNA vaccine, RNA vaccine, dendritic cell-based vaccine, virus-like particles, adjuvants, and their significance in vaccines.

Unit 7: Genetics, Ayurgenomics, Cell and Molecular Biology.

• Genetics and ayurgenomics

i. Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Historical Perspectives on Genetics

ii. Human genome and evolution

iii. Investigating genotype-phenotype connection, Multi-OMIC, and its relationship with doṣa-prakṛti and medicinal plants.

iv. Fundamentals of human genomics, regulatory mechanisms of genetic variation, its function in health, sickness, and adaptation, including medication response

v. Population genomics, disease genomics, pharmaco-genomics, nutrigenomics, and scientific techniques and programs for biomarker development.

vi. Discovering, developing, and delivering P4 and P5 (Predictive, Preventive, Personalized, Participatory, and Promotive) therapeutic components of Ayurveda presents limitations and problems.

• Cellular and Molecular Biology

i. Plant and animal cells: Structure and Function

ii. Early evidences and experiments with DNA as the genetic material, chemistry of nucleic acids, nucleotides, Chargaff's rule

iii. Watson-Crick model and forms of DNA, types of RNAs, concept of gene and genome, difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, C-value dilemma, triplexes, quadruplexes, and aptamers

iv. DNA replication theories (conservative, semi-conservative, and dispersive), DNA replicative enzymes, and DNA replication processes

v. Gene mutation types include base substitution, frame shift mutation, insertion, deletion, missense, nonsense, reverse, suppressor, and fatal mutations; DNA damage and repair methods.

vi. Gene expression and control in prokaryotes, structure of prokaryotic genes, structure and activities of RNA polymerase and its subunits.

vii. Mechanism of Gene Transcription and Translation, Genetic code, Gene structure, expression, and control in eukaryotes, RNA polymerases, post-transcriptional alterations, and the Operon idea

viii. Basic principles in genetic engineering and biotechnology

Unit 8: Physiology, Biochemistry, and Nanotechnology.

• Physiology

i. Fundamentals of Human Physiology and Cellular Function

ii. Digestive System: Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism

iii. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems: Breathing, gas exchange, body fluids, and circulation.

iv. Nervous systems include the central and autonomic nervous systems, neurophysiology, and cerebrospinal fluids.

v. Excretory and Endocrine Systems: excretory products and their disposal from the body, acid-base regulation, endocrine glands, and hormonal actions.

vi. Reproductive System: Human Reproductive Physiology and Embryonic Development.

vii. Voluntary and involuntary movements, including their coordination

 • Biochemistry

i. Atoms and molecules, molecular interactions, stereochemistry, and their role in biological systems

ii. Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism, Disorders related to carbohydrate metabolism

iii. Lipid chemistry and metabolism, Disorders linked to lipid metabolism, Lipidomics

iv. Chemistry and metabolism of proteins and amino acids, Ramachandran plot, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins, mechanisms and specificity of enzymes, coenzymes and cofactors, disorders related with protein and amino acid metabolism, and proteomics

v. Heme Synthesis and Disorders

vi. Structure, function, and metabolism of nucleic acids, DNA, and RNA

• Nanotechnology

i. Nanoparticle qualities and types, including those used in Āyurvedic medicine and green nanotechnology.

ii. Nanomaterial synthesis employing various methodologies, molecular basis of nanomaterial biosynthesis, evaluation of plant, animal, and mineral-based pharmaceuticals for nanomaterials.

iii. Nanoparticle characterization methods include transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV-visible absorption, photoluminescence, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), and dynamic light scattering spectroscopy.

iv. Nanomaterials in biosensors and other uses, as well as interactions between nanomaterials

v. The Molecular Basis of Nano-Formulations

Unit 9: Biodiversity, Environmental Health, Intellectual Property Rights, and Entrepreneurship

• Biodiversity and environmental health

i. Biodiversity of medicinal plants and animals, Concept and Practices of Environmental Health, Pathways for Synthesis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites, and Their Applications

ii. Pharmacological qualities of secondary and active metabolites from therapeutic plants utilized in Ayurveda.

iii. Ecosystem concept, structure, function, and types; energy flow in an ecosystem: food chain, food web, and ecological succession.

iv. Biodiversity and its conservation, levels of biological diversity, biogeography zones of India, biodiversity patterns and global biodiversity hotspots, India as a mega-biodiversity nation

v. The significance of renewable and non-renewable biological resources in extending life.

vi. Degradation of biodiversity, loss of medicinal plants and animal life, and its effect on traditional knowledge

• Intellectual property rights, or IPR

i. Concept, Meaning, and Types of Intellectual Property (IP), Origin, Nature, Philosophy, and Importance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Current Best Practices (CBP), and IPR Legal Framework

ii. Protection of Traditional Knowledge System (TKS), prevention of bio-piracy and bio-prospecting, benefits to the national economy, environmental conservation, protection of TK stakeholders' livelihoods, TKS, and innovation in the Indian medicine system

iii. Introduction to the Indian Patent Office and National Biodiversity Authority and their role in the protection of TKS, Different types of IPR protection in India, Indian Legislations - Patents Act of India (1970), Biological Diversity Act (2002), Convention of Biological Diversity (1992), Plant Protection Variety and Farmers Rights Act (2001), Geographical Indication Act 1999, etc. with respect to TKS.

iv. The role of databases and registers in the legal protection of TKS - Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) via World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

v. WTO, TRIPS, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), FAO, and Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing

• Entrepreneurship:

i. Definition of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurial characteristics, and Entrepreneur vs. Manager,

Entrepreneurial decision-making, ethical, legal, and sociocultural responsibilities.

ii. Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Ayurvedic Food and Drugs for Wellness

iii. Topics covered include innovations in Āyurveda R&D, product planning, development, and troubleshooting, various types of Āyurveda industries and manufacturing, and competitive dynamics among sub-industries.

iv. Entrepreneurship development programs by public and private entities (MSME, Ministry of Ayush, Make in India), challenges in Āyurveda industry decision-making, and patenting and commercialization techniques.

v. Laboratory to market: negotiation techniques with financiers, government and regulatory bodies, pricing strategy, marketing issues in Āyurveda business, distribution routes, supply chain, and consumer needs analysis.

vi. Business preparation includes statutory and legal requirements, business feasibility studies, financial management in capital procurement and cost management, collaborations and partnerships.

 Unit 10: Research Methodology, Biostatistics, and Ayurvedic Informatics.

• Research Methodology.

i. Research Methodologies and Bioethics in Ayurveda

ii. Research on the fundamental principles of Ayurveda.

iii. Food and drug research in Ayurveda

iv. Pre-clinical and clinical trials based on Āyurvedic concepts, including protocol design and data management.

v. Different ways of extracting plant materials, the concept of polarity for extraction, and the solvents utilized for extraction

vi. Purification of bioactive substances using different chromatographic techniques.

vii. Identification of functional groups in phytochemicals

• Biostatistics:

i. Descriptive statistics, various statistical tests of significance, and analysis of variance include average, mean, mode, and median.

ii. Calculating power and sample size, as well as the basic principles of statistical inference.

iii. Correlation, regression, and survival analyses.

iv. Genome Mapping Statistics and Bioinformatics

v. Data types and classification, multidimensional data, big data, meta data, linear algebraic treatment of data, matrices, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, and singular value decomposition.

vi. Exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics, and inference statistics

• Ayurveda Informatics:

i. Chronological Development of Ayurvedic Drug Manufacturing Industries.

ii. Government programs and activities aim to strengthen Āyurveda, India's traditional system of medicine, for global well-being.

iii. Rules and regulations for producing high-quality, safe, and effective Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals for consumers.

iv. Review of key modern works on classical medicinal plants released by the Ministry of AYUSH and ICMR, Government of India.

Ayurvedic organizations include the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), Āyurvedic Pharmacopeia Commission, National Medicinal Plants Board, and Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL), among others.

vi. DHARA, PubMed, Ayush Research Portal, Bioinformatics Center, and Research Management Informatic System are research publication portals for Āyurveda and current medical science.

vii. Modern technology is used to confirm numerous essential principles, drug research and development for communicable and noncommunicable diseases.

viii. Health informatics in Āyurveda in the current global scenario.

 UGC NET Geography Syllabus 2025

Candidates who are aware of the most recent UGC NET Geography syllabus can plan their preparation strategy accordingly. The syllabus for UGC NET Geography is broken into ten parts. The brief details of the UGC NET Geography syllabus are provided below:

UNIT 1:  Geomorphology

Continental drift, plate tectonics, endogenetic and exogenetic forces. Denudation and Weathering: Geomorphic Cycle (Davis and Penck), Theories and processes of slope development, earth movements (seismicity, folding, faulting, and vulcanicity), landform occurrence, and causes of geomorphic hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and avalanches)

UNIT 2: Climatology

Climatography covers the composition and structure of the atmosphere, including insolation, heat budget, temperature, pressure, and winds. Atmospheric Circulation (air masses, fronts, and upper air circulation, cyclones and anticyclones (tropical and temperate), Koppen and Thornthwaite's Climatic Classification, ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina, and Southern Oscillations), Meteorological Hazards and Disasters (cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, hailstorms, heat and cold waves), Drought and Cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF), Evidence and Causes of Past Climatic Change, and Human Impact on Global Climate.

UNIT 3: Oceanography

Ocean relief and composition, including temperature, density, and salinity, Circulation: Warm and cold currents, waves, tides, sea level changes, hazards Tsunamis and Cyclones

UNIT 4: Geography of Environment Components

Ecosystem (Geographic Classification) and Human Ecology, Functions: Trophic Levels, Energy Flows, Cycles (geo-chemical, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen), Food Chain, Food Web and Ecological Pyramid, Human Interaction and Impacts, Environmental Ethics and Deep Ecology, Environmental Hazards and Disasters (Global Warming, Urban Heat Island, Atmospheric Pollution, Water Pollution, Land Degradation), National Programs and Policies.

UNIT 5: Population and Settlement Geography

• Population geography refers to the sources of population data. World Population Distribution (measures, trends, and drivers), and World Population Growth (from prehistoric to modern times). Demographic Transition and Population Growth Theories (Malthus, Sadler, and Ricardo). Fertility and Mortality Analysis (indices, drivers, and global trends). Migration (types, causes, consequences, and models) Population composition and characteristics (age, gender, rural-urban divide, occupational structure, and geographic levels), Population Policies: Developed and Developing Countries.
• Settlement Geography: Rural Settlements (Types, Patterns and Distribution), Current Issues in Rural Settlements (rural-urban migration, land use changes, land acquisition and sales), Gordon Childe, Henri Pirenne, and Lewis Mumford proposed theories about the origins of towns. Characteristics and Processes of Urbanization in Developed and Developing Countries (urban growth causes, urbanization trends, urban area size, structure, and functions). Urban Systems (the law of the primate city and the rank-size rule). The Central Place Theory (Christaller and Losch), Internal structure of the city Models of Urban Land Use (Burgess, Harris, Ullman, and Hoyt) Megacities, global cities, and edge cities, changing urban forms (peri-urban areas, rural-urban fringe, suburban, ring, and satellite towns), Social segregation in the city. Urban Social Area Analysis, Poverty Manifestation in the City (Slums, Informal Sector Growth, Crime, and Social Exclusion)

 Unit 6: Geography of Economic Activity and Regional Development

• Economic geography refers to the factors that influence the geographical organization of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary), natural resources (classification, distribution, and associated issues), and natural resource management. World Energy Crisis: Developed and Developing Countries.
• Agricultural Geography: Land Capability Classification and Land Use Planning. Cropping Pattern: Methods for identifying crop combination regions (Weaver, Doi, and Rafiullah), crop diversification, and Von Thunen's Land Use Planning Model. Measurement and Determinants of Agricultural Productivity; Regional Variations in Agricultural Productivity; Global Agricultural Systems.
• Industrial Geography: Industry Classification, Industrial Location Factors, and Industrial Location Theories (A. Weber, E. M. Hoover, August Losch, A. Pred, and D. M. Smith). World Industrial Regions Globalisation's impact on the manufacturing sector in developing countries, the tourism industry, global distribution, and the rise of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Knowledge Production (Geography and R&D) industries.
• Geography of Transport and Trade: Theories and Models of Spatial Interaction (Edward Ullman, M. E. Hurst) Measures and indicators of connectedness and accessibility; Spatial Flow Models: Gravity Model and its modifications. The World Trade Organization, Globalization and Liberalization, and World Trade Patterns. Problems and Opportunities for Inter and Intra Regional Cooperation and Trade.
• Regional Development: Region Typology, Formal and Fictional Regions, World Regional Disparities, Theories of Regional Development (Albert O. Hirschman, Gunnar Myrdal, John Friedman), Dependency Theory of Underdevelopment, Global Economic Blocks, Regional Development, and Social Movements in India.

Unit 7: Cultural, Social, and Political Geography

• Cultural and social geography include the concepts of culture, cultural complexes, areas and regions, cultural heritage, and cultural ecology. Cultural convergence, social structure, and processes. Social well-being, quality of life, social exclusion, The spatial distribution of social groupings in India (tribe, caste, religion, and language), the environment, and human health Disease Ecology Nutritional Status (etiological circumstances, classification, and regional and seasonal distributional patterns with a focus on India) Health Care Planning and Policies in India. Medical tourism in India.
• Political Geography: Boundaries and Frontiers (with a focus on India), Heartland and Rimland Theories. Trends and developments in political geography The Geography of Federalism Electoral Reforms in India: Determinants of Electoral Behavior Geopolitics of Climate Change Geopolitics of World Resources, Geopolitics of the Indian Ocean, and Regional Organizations of Cooperation (SAARC, ASEAN, OPEC, EU). Geopolitics of World Natural Resources.

Unit 8: Geographic Thought 

• Contributions of Greek, Roman, Arab, Chinese, and Indian Scholars. Contributions of Geographers (Bernhardus Varenius, Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, Schaefer, and Hartshorne) The Influence of Darwinian Theory on Geographic Thought.
• Cartography, thematic, and methodological contributions to current Indian geography developments. Major Geographic Traditions (Earth Science, Man-environment Relationship, Area Studies, and Spatial Analysis)
• Dualisms in Geographic Studies (physical vs. human, regional vs. systematic, qualitative vs. quantitative, ideographic vs. nomothetic), Paradigm Shift, and Perspectives in Geography (positivism, behavioralism, humanism, structuralism, feminism, and postmodernism)

Unit 9: Geographical Techniques

• Sources of Geographic Information and Data (both spatial and non-spatial), Types of Maps Map-making techniques include Choropleth, Isarithmic, Dasymetric, Chorochromatic, and Flow Maps.
• Data Representation on Maps (Pie diagrams, bar diagrams, and line graphs), GIS Database (raster and vector data formats, as well as attribute data types). GIS functions (conversion, editing, and analysis), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), georeferencing (coordinate system, map projections, and Datum), GIS applications (thematic cartography, spatial decision support system), Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (Electromagnetic Spectrum, Sensors and Platforms, Resolution and Types, Elements of Air Photo and Satellite Image Interpretation and Photogrammetry), Types of Aerial Photographs
• Digital Image Processing: Advances in Remote Sensing Technology and Big Data Sharing, and Their Applications in Natural Resource Management in India, GPS Components (space, ground control, and receiver segments), and Applications Applications of measures of central tendency, dispersion, and inequality, Sampling, Sampling Procedure and Hypothesis Testing (chi square test, t test, ANOVA), Time Series Analysis, Correlation and Regression Analysis, Measurement of Indices, Making Indicators Scale Free, Computation of Composite Index, Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis
• Morphometric Analysis: Ordering of Streams, Bifurcation Ratio, Drainage Density and Drainage Frequency, Basin Circularity Ratio and Form Factor, Profiles, Slope Analysis, Clinographic Curve

Unit 10: Geography of India

• Major Physiographic Regions and Their Characteristics: Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular),
• Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (Mechanism and Characteristics), Jet Streams, and Himalayan Cryosphere. Natural resources are classified and distributed as follows: soil, vegetation, water, minerals, and marine resources.
• Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, gender, occupational, geographical, ethnic, and religious), Determinants of Population, Population Policies in India. Agriculture (Production, Productivity, and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional Differences in Agricultural Development,
• Environmental, Technological, and Institutional Factors Affecting Indian Agriculture, Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security, and Right to Food.
• Industrial Development Since Independence, Industrial Regions and Their Characteristics, Indian Industrial Policies. Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, highways, rivers, airways, and pipelines), Internal and External Trade (trend, composition, and directions), Regional
• Development Planning in India, Globalization and its Impact on the Indian Economy, Natural disasters in India include earthquakes, droughts, floods, cyclones, tsunamis, and Himalayan Highland Hazards and Disasters.

 UGC NET History Syllabus 2025

 Candidates studying for the UGC NET 2025 exam should have a thorough understanding of their subject. So, in the table below, we've included the UGC NET history syllabus per topic.

UGC NET History Syllabus for Hindi  

Candidates preparing for the UGC NET history test in Hindi can view the UGC NET History curriculum in Hindi. The detailed syllabus is provided below.  

UGC NET English Syllabus 2025

The table below contains the UGC NET 2025 syllabus for the English topic. The most recent alteration is the addition of 'Cultural Studies' to the syllabus as Unit VII in 2019.

UGC NET Political Science Syllabus 2025  

Candidates who wish to take the UGC NET test in 2025 for the June cycle can find the syllabus for Political Science below.  

Unit 1: Political Theory

• Political Traditions
• Liberalism
• Conservatism
• Socialism
• Marxism
• Feminism
• Ecologism
• Multiculturalism
• Postmodernism

Unit 2: Political Thought

Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, Frantz Fanon, Mao Zedong, and John Rawls.

Unit 3: Indian Political Thought

Dharmashastra Kautilya, Aggannasutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekanand, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N. Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, J L Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya

Unit 4: Comparative Political Analysis

• Approach: Institutions, Political Culture, Political Economy, and New Institutionalism; Comparative Methods
• Colonialism and decolonisation: types of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles, and decolonization
• Topics covered include European and non-European nationalism, state theory, post-colonial states, welfare states, globalization, and nation-states.
• There are two types of political regimes: democratic (electoral, liberal, majoritarian, and participatory) and non-democratic (e.g. patrimonialism, bureaucratic authoritarianism, military dictatorship, totalitarianism, fascism).
• Topics covered include different types of constitutions, the rule of law, judicial independence, liberal constitutionalism, emergency powers, and constitutional crises.
• Democratization: democratic transition and consolidation.
• Underdevelopment, Dependency, Modernization, World Systems, Theory, Development, and Democracy.
• Actors and Processes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, Interest Groups, Social Movements, NGOs, Civil Society Campaigns, and Revolutions.

Unit 5: International relations

• Philosophies include idealism, realism, structuralism, Marxism, neoliberalism, neorealism, social constructivism, critical international theory, feminism, and postmodernism.
• Concepts include the state, state system, and non-state entities, as well as power, sovereignty, and security, both traditional and nontraditional.
• Conflict and Peace: The Evolution of Warfare; Weapons of Mass Destruction; Deterrence; Conflict Resolution; Conflict Transformation.
• United Nations: Goals, Objectives, Structure, and Evaluation of the UN's Work; Perspectives on Peace and Development Humanitarian participation. International law. Topics covered include the International Criminal Court, the Political Economy of International Relations, globalization, global governance, the Bretton Woods System, North-South Dialogue, the World Trade Organization, the G-20, and the BRICS.
• Regional organizations include the European Union, African Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and ASEAN.
• Current challenges include international terrorism, climate change and environmental concerns, human rights, migration and refugee crises, poverty and development, and the influence of religion, culture, and identity politics.

Unit 6: India's foreign policy

• Postcolonial identity, development, rising power, and evolving political economy.
• Continuity and Change in India's Foreign Policy: Principles and Determinants Historical history and relevance of the non-aligned movement. India’s Nuclear Policy India's relations with major powers: United States, Soviet Union/Russia, and People's Republic of China.
• India's Engagement in the Multipolar World: India's ties with the European Union, BRICS, ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, African Union, Southern African Development Community, and Gulf Cooperation Council
• India's ties with its neighbors: SAARC, Gujaral ideology, Look East/Act East, Look West. India's Negotiation Strategies in International Regimes: United Nations, World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
• Contemporary challenges include maritime security, energy security, environmental security, migration and refugee issues, water resources, international terrorism, and cyber security.

Unit 7: Political Institutions in India

• Making the Indian Constitution: Colonialism Heritage and the Indian National Movement's Contribution to the Making of the Indian Constitution
• Constituent Assembly: composition, ideological moorings, constitutional debates
• Philosophy of the Constitution: Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles
• Constitutionalism in India: Democracy, Social Change, National Unity, Checks and Balances, Debate over Basic Structure, Constitutional Amendments
• Union Executive comprises the President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers. Parliament: Structure, Role, and Function, Parliamentary committees
• The judiciary includes the Supreme Court, the High Court, judicial review, judicial activism, and judicial reform.
• Governor, Chief Minister, and State Legislature are examples of executive and legislative bodies in states.
• In India, federalism includes a strong central framework, asymmetrical federal provisions, intergovernmental coordination mechanisms, inter-state councils, and emerging trends.
• Electoral Process and Election Commission of India: Election Conduct, Rules, and Reforms
• Local Government Institutions: Functioning and Reforms
• Constitutional and statutory bodies include the Comptroller and Auditor General, the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Tribes, the National Commission for Human Rights, the National Commission for Women, and the National Commission for Minorities.

Unit 8: Political Processes of India

• State, Economy, and Development: The Nature of Indian State, Development Planning Model, New Economic Policy, Growth, and Human Development
• Globalisation: Social and Economic Implications
• Identity Politics: Religion, Tribe, Caste, Region, and Language
• Social movements: Dalit, tribal, women, farmers, labor.
• Civil society groups include non-party social formations, non-governmental organizations, and social action groups.
• Regionalization in Indian politics involves reorganizing states as political and economic units, creating sub-state regions, addressing regional imbalances, and establishing new states.
• Gender and Politics in India: Equality and Representation
• Political Party Ideology and Social Basis: National and State Parties
• Election Politics: Participation, Contestation, Representation, and Emerging Trends

Unit 9: Public Administration

• Public Administration: Meaning and Evolution; Public and Private Administration
• Approaches: System theory, decision making, and ecological approach
• Public administration theories and concepts: Scientific Management Theory, Rational Choice Theory, New Public Administration, Development Administration, Comparative Public Administration, New Public Management, and the Changing Nature of Public Administration in the Era of Liberalization and Globalization
• Organizational theories and principles include scientific management theory, bureaucratic theory, and human relations theory.
• Managing the organization: Leadership and motivation theories.
• Organizational Communication: Theories and Principles Chester Bernard Organizational communication and information management principles
• Managing Conflict in the Organization: Mary Parker Follett.
• Management by Objectives – Peter Drucker

Unit 10: Governance and Public Policy in India

• Governance, good governance, and democratic governance: the role of the state, civil society, and individuals.
• Accountability and Control: institutional mechanism for checks and balances, legislative control over the executive, administrative and budgetary control, control through parliamentary committees, judicial control over the legislature and executive, administrative culture, corruption, and administrative reforms.
• Institutional mechanisms that promote effective governance: Right to Information, Consumer Protection Act, and Citizen Charter Grievance Redressal System: Ombudsman, Lokpal, Lokayukta
• Grassroots Governance: Panchayati Raj Institutions and how they work
• Decentralized planning, planning for development, sustainable development, participatory development, and e-governance; NITI Aayog
• Public policy as a tool for socio-economic development: governmental policies with special reference to housing, health, drinking water, food security, MNREGA, NHRM, and RTE.
• Monitoring and evaluating public policy. Mechanisms for holding governance processes accountable: Jansunwai, Social Audit

 UGC NET Computer Science and Applications Syllabus 2025

The paper 2 syllabus for NTA UGC NET Computer Science and Applications is provided here for the aspirants. Candidates can check the curriculum to plan their strategy for the forthcoming exam.

Unit 1: Discrete Structures and Optimization

• Mathematical Logic
• Sets and Relation
• Graph Theory
• Optimisation
• Counting, Mathematical Induction, and Discrete Probability

Unit 2: Computer System Architecture

• Digital Logic Circuits and Components
• Data Representation
• Basic Computer Organisation and Design
• Register Transfer and Micro Operations

Unit 3: Programming Languages and Computer Graphics

• Language Design and Translation Issue
• Elementary DataTypes
• Object Oriented Programming
• 2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing
• 3-D Object Representation, Geometric Transformations, and Viewing

Unit 4: Database Management Systems

• Database System Concepts and Architecture
• SQL
• Data Warehousing and Data Mining
• Normalisation for Relational Databases
• NoSQL

Unit 5: System Software and Operating System

• System Software
• Basics of Operating Systems
• Threads, CPU Scheduling
• Process Management
• Storage Management

Unit 6: Software Engineering

• Software Process Models
• Software Design
• Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects
• Software Configuration Management
• Software Quality

Unit 7: Data Structures and Algorithms

• Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences
• Data Structures
• Graph Algorithms
• Complexity Theory
• Advanced Algorithms

Unit 8: Theory of Computation and Compilers

• Theory of Computation
• Context-Free Language
• Unsolvable Problems and Computational Complexity
• Regular Language Models
• Code Generation and Code Optimization

Unit 9: Data Communication and Computer Networks

• Data Communication
• World Wide Web (WWW)
• Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers
• Mobile Technology
• Network Security

Unit 10: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)
• Genetic Algorithms (GA)
• Natural Language Processing
• Knowledge Representation
• Multi-Agent Systems

UGC NET Economics Syllabus 2025

Candidates who plan to take the next UGC NET Economics test should review the full curriculum before beginning to prepare for it. Economics consists of ten units. The economics syllabus is provided below for the candidates:

Unit 1: Microeconomics

• General Equilibrium Analysis
• Theory of Production and Cost
• Factor pricing involves making decisions based on uncertainty and a risk-taking attitude.
• Theory of consumer behavior

Unit 2: Macro Economics

• National Income: Concepts and Measurements
• Consumption Function
• Determining output and employment.
• Investment Function: Inflation and Phillips Curve Analysis

Unit 3: Statistics and Econometrics

• Probability Theory
• Sampling Methods and Distribution
• Linear Regression Models and Properties
• Statistical Inference and Hypothesis Testing
• Descriptive statistics.

Unit 4: Mathematical Economics

• Differential Calculus and Applications
• Static Optimization. Problems and applications
• Difference and Differential Equations with Applications
• Sets, functions, continuity, sequence, series
• Linear Algebra: Matrices and Vector Spaces

Unit 5: International Economics

• International trade: fundamental principles and analytical techniques.
• International trade theories and policy issues, including GATT, WTO, and regional trade blocs.
• International Trade with Imperfect Competition
• Exchange Rates: Concepts and Theories

Unit 6: Public Economics

• Market Failure and Remedial Measures
• Regulation of Market
• Public Budget and Budget Multiplier: Public Debt and Management
• Fiscal Policy and its Implications

Unit 7: Money and Banking

• Money Supply Components and Capital Market Regulations
• Commercial Banking Instruments and Monetary Policy Mechanisms
• Non-Banking Financial Institutions

Unit 8: Growth and Development Economics

• Economic Growth and Development
• Theories on Economic Development
• Indices of Economic Development
• Models for Economic Growth
• Technological progress

Unit 9: Environmental Economics and Demographics

• Key concepts and measures include fertility, morbidity, mortality, age structure, demographic dividend, cost-benefit analysis, and compensation criteria.
• Value of Environmental Goods

Unit 10: Market failure in the Indian economy

• Economic Growth in India: Patterns and Structure
• Indian Finance Commissions and Centre-State Financial Relations (FRBM) Reforms in Land, Labour, and Capital Markets.
• Poverty, Inequality, and Unemployment
• Infrastructure Development

UGC NET Law Syllabus 2025

Candidates planning to take the UGC NET Law test should review the syllabus to devise an effective study plan. The topic code for the NTA UGC NET Law is 58. The law paper syllabus consists of ten units, including Jurisprudence, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law and IHL, Law of Crimes, Law of Torts, and Consumer Protection. Candidates can view the detailed syllabus below:

UNIT I: Jurisprudence

• Nature and Sources of Law
• Schools of law
• Law and Morality
• Concept of Rights and Duties
• Legal personality
• concepts of property, ownership, and possession
• Concept of Liability
• Law, Poverty, and Development
• Global Justice
• Modernism and Post-modernism

UNIT II: Constitutional and Administrative Law

• The preamble covers fundamental rights and duties, directive principles of the state, and the relationship between the union and state government.
• Union and state legislatures, and the division of legislative authority.
• Judiciary and emergency provisions
• Temporary, transitory, and unique provisions for some states.
• Elections Commission of India
• The nature, scope, and importance of administrative law
• Principle of Natural Justice
• Judicial review of administrative acts

UNIT III: Public International Law and IHL

• International law: Definition, Nature, and Basis
• Sources of International Law
• Recognition of States and Governments
• Nationality, immigrants, refugees, and internally displaced individuals (IDPs)
• Extradition and Asylum
• United Nations and its Organs
• Resolution of international disputes
• World Trade Organization (WTO
• International humanitarian law (IHL) - Conventions and protocols
• Implementation of IHL: Challenges

UNIT IV: Law of Crimes

• General principles of criminal culpability include actus reus and mens rea, individual and group accountability, and constructive liability.
• Stages of crime and inchoate crimes: abetment, criminal conspiracy, and attempt.
• General exceptions
• Offences against human body
• Offences against state and terrorism
• Offences against property
• Offences against women and children
• Drug trafficking and counterfeiting
• Offences against public tranquility
• Theories and kinds of punishments, compensation to the victims of crime

UNIT  V: Law of Torts And Consumer Protection

• Nature and definition of tort
• General principles of tortious liability
• General defenses
• Specific torts – Negligence, nuisance, trespass and defamation
• Remoteness of damages
• Strict and absolute liability
• Tortious liability of the State
• The Consumer Protection Act 1986 - Definitions, consumer rights and redressal mechanism
• The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 - No fault liability, third party insurance and claims tribunal
• The Competition Act, 2002 - Prohibition of certain agreements, abuse of dominant position and regulation of combinations

UNIT VI: Commercial Law

• Essential elements of contract and e-contract
• Breach of contract, frustration of contract, void and voidable agreements
• Standard form of contract and quasi-contract
• Specific contracts - Bailment, pledge, indemnity, guarantee and agency
• Sale of Goods Act, 1930
• Partnership and limited liability partnership
• Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
• Company law – Incorporation of a company, prospectus, shares and debentures
• Company law – Directors and meetings
• Corporate social responsibility

UNIT VII: Family Law

• Sources and schools
• Marriage and dissolution of marriage
• Matrimonial remedies - Divorce and theories of divorce
• Changing dimensions of institution of marriage – Live-in relationship
• Recognition of foreign decrees in India on marriage and divorce
• Maintenance, dower and stridhan
• Adoption, guardianship and acknowledgement
• Succession and inheritance
• Will, gift and wakf
• Uniform Civil Code

UNIT VIII: Environment And Human Rights Law

• Meaning and concept of ‘environment’ and ‘environmental pollution’
• International environmental law and UN Conferences
• Constitutional and legal framework for protection of environment in India
• Environmental Impact Assessment and control of hazardous waste in India
• National Green Tribunal
• Concept and development of human rights
• Universalism and cultural relativism
• International Bill of Rights
• Group rights – Women, children, persons with disabilities, elderly persons, minorities and weaker sections
• Protection and enforcement of human rights in India – National Human Rights Commission, National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Schedule Tribes and National Commission for Backward Classes

UNIT IX: Intellectual Property Rights And Information Technology Law

• Concept and meaning of intellectual property
• Theories of intellectual property
• International conventions pertaining to intellectual properties
• Copyright and neighboring rights – Subject matters, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies
• Law of patent – Patentability, procedure for grant of patent, limitations and exceptions, infringement and remedies
• Law of trademark – Registration of trademarks, kinds of trademarks, infringement and passing off, remedies
• Protection of Geographical Indications
• Bio-diversity and Traditional Knowledge
• Information technology law- digital signature and electronic signature, electronic governance, electronic records and duties of subscribers
• Cyber crimes, penalties and adjudication

UNIT X: Comparative Public Law And Systems of Governance

• Comparative Law – Relevance, methodology, problems and concerns in Comparison
• Forms of governments – Presidential and parliamentary, unitary and federal
• Models of federalism – USA, Canada and India
• Rule of Law – ‘Formal’ and ‘substantive’ versions
• Separation of powers – India, UK, USA and France
• Independence of judiciary, judicial activism and accountability – India, UK and USA
• Systems of constitutional review – India, USA, Switzerland and France
• Amendment of the Constitution – India, USA and South Africa
• Ombudsman –Sweden, UK and India
• Open Government and Right to Information - USA, UK and India

 UGC NET Buddhist, Jaina, Gandhian, and Peace Studies Syllabus 2025

The NTA abolished Paper 3 in 2019 and modified the Buddhist, Jaina, Gandhian, and Peace Studies syllabuses. The topic code for Budhha, Jaina, Gandhian, and Peace Studies is 60. The Paper 2 syllabus has 10 subjects. The detailed syllabus for the Budhha, Jaina, Gandhian, and Peace Studies is provided below:

Unit I:

• The Life of Gautama the Buddha and the Origins of Buddhism (from birth to Mahāparinirvāṇa and subsequent events).
• From the first to fourth Buddhist Councils, famous kings Aśoka and Kanișka contributed to the expansion of Buddhism in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, China, and Tibet. Buddhist schools include Theravāda and four Philosophical Schools (Vaibhāşika, Sautrāntika, Vijňānavāda, and Mādhyamika).
• Pali Tipiṭaka and Sanskrit Vaipulya Sūtras are examples of Canonical Buddhist Literature in Pali and Sanskrit.
• Life and works of Buddhaghosa, Nāgārjuna, Vasubandhu, and Dharmakīrti.

Unit II:

• The Buddha taught in three modes: Sīla, Samādhi, and Prajňā
• (i). Philosophical Concepts: Anitya, Duḥkha, and Anātma (ii). Noble Truth (iii) Pratītya-samutpāda (iv) Citta-santati and Ᾱlaya-vijʈāna (v) Nirvāṇa and Śūnyatā
• Buddhist Meditation: Samatha and Vipassanā
• Six heretical thinkers, contemporaries to the Buddha and their philosophy.

Unit III:

• Mahavihāras are ancient Buddhist educational institutions. Nalanda, Valabhi, Vikramaśilā, Udantapurī, Somapurī, and Jagaddala
• Examples of Buddhist sculpture and architecture include Nālandā, Bodhagayā Temple, Ajantā Caves, Sāncī Stūpa, and Sāranātha.
• Buddhist pilgrimage sites include Lumbinī, Bodhagayā, Sāranātha, and Kuśīnārā.
• Anāgarika Dharmapāla, Mahāthera, Kṛpāśaraṇa, Candramaṇi Mahāthera, and Bhikṣhu Jagadīśa contributed to Buddhism revival.

Unit IV:

• Kāśyapa and Buddhism's Impact on Social and Economic Life
• Jainism's history includes the Kālacakra (cycle of time) and the Tīrthaṅkaras, which depict the lives of Lord Ṛṣabhadeva, Pārśvanātha, and Mahāvīra.
• Jain sects and their sub-divisions include Digambara and Śvetāmbara, and their subsects.
• Amokāra Mahāmantra, Five Preceptor (Pañca Parameṣṭhi), Prayer, Bhakti, Upāsanā, and Three Jewels: Samyakdarśana-Jñāna-Cāritra.
• Prakrit Canonical (Āgama) Literature and Councils (VĀCANĀS).
• Prominent Jain Ācāryas include Kundakunda, Umāsvāmi(ti), Siddhasena, Akalaṅka svāmi, Haribhadra Sūri, Vīrasena Svāmi, Jinasena, and others.

Unit V:

• Vows: Householders: Aṇuvratas, Guṇavratas, and Śikṣāvratas; Monks: Mahāvratas: Ahiṃsā (non-violence), Satya (truth), Asteya (non-stealing), Braḥmacarya (celibacy), and Aparigraha (non-possession).
• There are seven elements and six substances; Theory of Karma and categorization, Puruṣārtha
• Knowledge and its classification in Anekāntavāda and Syādvāda. Jain yoga and dhyāna

Unit VI:

• Jainism's concept of liberation.
• Jain art (Śilpa) and architecture: Jain caves and temples in Southern India, including Khajurāho, Devagarḥa, Pālitānā, and Mount-Ābu.
• Jain Sculptures, Paintings, and Iconography: Important Jain Sculptures Available in India, Received idols from Śravaṇabelagolā and Mathurā.
• Jain religion's impact on society includes vegetarianism (Śakāhāra) and charity (Dāna). The Status of Women in the Jain Religion
• Environmental and ecological perspectives in Jainism; Jainism and Science Jaina Learning Centers include Śravaṇabelagolā, Jesalamera, Ahmedabad, Varanasi, Vaishali, Koba, Ladnun, Jaipur, and Delhi. Jainism outside of India

Unit VII:

• Mahatma Gandhi: family history, early life, and schooling in India and England, The Impact of Different Religions and Their Scriptures
• Gandhi in South Africa: (i) The Origins of Satyagraha (ii) Oppose racial discrimination, injustice, and exploitation (iii) Influence of Leo Tolstoy, John Ruskin, Henry David Thoreau, Raichandra Bhai, and others.

Unit VIII:

• Foundations of Gandhi's Social, Political, Economic, and Religious Thought: (i) Opinions on social justice, inequality, the caste system, and untouchability (ii) Women’s Problems and Empowerment (iii) Gandhi's beliefs on truth, nonviolence, Satyagraha, and the theory of ends and methods.
• State and Democracy: (i) Panchayat Raj (ii) Parliamentary Democracy, Sovereignty, Freedom, Spiritualization of Politics (iii) Human Rights and Duties.
• The Fundamentals of Gandhian Economics: (i) Critique of Western Civilization and Labor-Capital Relations (ii) Small-Scale Cottage Industries (iii) Constructive Programs for Sustainable Development.

Unit IX:

• Gandhi's role in the freedom movement, including Champaran, Non-Cooperation, Ahmedabad Mill Strike, and Dandi March.
• (iv) Bardoli and Kheda Satyagrahas (v) His involvement in the Vykom Satyagraha and Quit India Movement.
• Gandhi and the partition of India.

Unit X:

• Peace Studies: (i) Understanding Peace - Coercive and Non-Coercive Approaches, and Culture of Peace. (ii) War and its causes, types, attributes, and theories.
• Major peace movements: (i) Pacifism, Civil Rights Movement in the United States of America. Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament by numerous agencies. (II) Green Peace Movement (iii) The current global issues including world war and the quest for peace. (iv) Legacy of Peace Builders: Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Daisaku Ikeda, and Nelson Mandela.
• Conflicts: (i) Understanding the concept, causes, and resolution methods. (ii) Conflict resolution agencies, UN peacekeeping, peacebuilding, peace education, adjudication, the role of the Shanti Sena, Track II diplomacy, and so on.
• Human Security and Terrorism: (i) The issue of terrorism. (ii) Structural and State violence

UGC NET Environmental Science Syllabus 2025

Candidates preparing for the UGC NET exam for Environmental Science (Subject Code 89) must review the entire curriculum to ensure proper preparation. The environmental science syllabus is broken down into ten modules. Check out the whole UGC NET EVS syllabus below:

• Unit-I: Fundamentals of Environmental Sciences Unit-II: Environmental Chemistry
• Unit-II: Environmental Chemistry
• Unit-III: Environmental Biology Unit
• Unit-IV: Environmental Geosciences
• Unit-V: Energy and Environment
• Unit-VI: Environmental Pollution and Control
• Unit-VII: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
• Unit-VIII: Environmental Assessment, Management and Legislation
• Unit-IX: Statistical Approaches and Modelling in Environmental Sciences
• Unit-X: Contemporary Environmental Issues

A new UGC NET 2024 subject has been added for paper 2

In 2022, the UGC introduced a new topic 'Hindu Studies' (topic code 102) to the list of UGC NET 2025 subjects. The UGC NET Hindu Studies syllabus is available for download in PDF format below. Candidates who wish to pursue Hindu Studies can now download the entire syllabus and begin their preparations.

Best UGC NET Books for Preparation 2025

Please see below for a list of relevant books recommended by toppers for UGC NET Paper

UGC NET Examination Pattern 2025  

Candidates interested in taking the UGC NET 2025 exam should be familiar with the exam format. The exam format will help candidates grasp the NTA UGC NET exam. Knowing the NTA NET 2025 exam pattern allows candidates to prepare for the exam more successfully. The exam pattern is given below:  

UGC NET Marking Schedule 2025  

Candidates will be awarded 2 marks for accurate answers and no marks will be removed for erroneous responses because the UGC NET exam does not have a negative marking scheme. Candidates can learn about the making process in the table below:  

UGC NET Preparation 2025

The National Testing Agency (NTA) administers the UGC NET exam twice per year, in June and December. On April 16, 2025, the authority made the official NET notification PDF available at ugcnet.nta.ac.in. Candidates studying for the UGC NET test should read the preparation recommendations to ensure a sound approach and clever effort. The NTA NET 2025 exam for the June session will take place from June 21 to June 30, 2025. The UGC NET 2024 June exam took place between August 21 and September 4, 2024.

To begin their exam preparation, candidates should review the UGC NET previous year questions and exam pattern to guarantee that they receive the highest possible score. The previous year's questions will help applicants better understand the exam, including sections, repeated questions, mark weightage, and so on. To pass the UGC NET 2025 exam and get eligible to work in Indian universities and colleges, aspirants must put in their best effort and work hard.

UGC NET Books 2025

There are numerous books available for preparation, and it can be tough to select the best ones. The following are key UGC NET books for Paper 1 recommended by previous year's toppers.

UGC NET Subject-wise Preparation Tips 2025  

Candidates who are studying for the NTA UGC NET exam should review the subject-specific tips. The recommendations can assist individuals prepare for the UGC NET exam.  

UGC NET Political Science Tips:  

• Focus on Political Theory and Comparative Political Analysis.  
• Read about international relations and Indian foreign policies.  
• Practice the sample test and prior years’ question papers.  

UGC NET Economics Tips:  

• Focus on macro and micro  
• Understand economic ideas and models.  
• Practice numerical and data interpretation questions.  

UGC NET English Preparation Tips:  

• Focus on Indian, American, and European literature, as well as English language teaching.  
• Examine the works of modern writers.  
• Practice reading, writing, and understanding.  

UGC NET Mock Tests and Past Years' Papers  

Because UGC NET is an online exam, applicants should prepare as many mock examinations as possible. In addition, it is critical to attempt as many previous years' UGC NET question papers as feasible. Practicing UGC NET sample exams 2025 and attempting previous years' examinations benefits candidates in a variety of ways, including.  

• It provides the true look and feel of the exam.  
• It increases the time management skills of candidates.  
• Candidates might identify their weak areas for the exam.  
• Candidates learn the main topics for the exam.   

UGC NET Exam Analysis by Students

Every year, after the UGC NET test, Shiksha contacts students to learn about the difficulty level and crucial questions asked in the exam. After the June 2025 session, we will provide exam analysis based on student input. Candidates can learn about the questions asked in the UGC NET test by reviewing past years' student analyses, which are included below.

Tips for Cracking the UGC NET Exam 2025

To qualify for the UGC NET exam in 2025 for the June Session, aspirants should follow the preparation guidelines provided below. The following techniques can bring out the best in applicants and help them perform well in the NTA UGC NET Exam:

• Start Preparing for the UGC NET exam since the university days.
• Follow the syllabus of central universities to cover the most topics in the exam.
• Create a timetable that ensures the applicant can cover all of the areas of the syllabus, leaving time for revision and practice.
• Practicing previous year's question papers will assist candidates understand the exam format and the parts that receive the most weightage in the question paper.
• Take the practice tests under exam settings to prepare for the exam day.
• Train for accuracy and speed. It will aid candidates with their time management.
• Take frequent pauses as you prepare for the UGC NET exam 2025. Relaxing the mind might bring out the best in the examination.

Candidates who want to qualify for the UGC NET/JRF exam must start their preparations carefully, and books are a crucial component of that plan. Here, we have reviewed the books that are essential for preparing for the UGC NET exam 2025. Though the Shiksha platform does not endorse any publication or author, we have shared key subject-specific books with the applicants for their convenience. Many books are accessible in the market, but we have compiled a list of the top books for NET/JRF preparation.

The preparation materials might help students understand the topics provided in the syllabus. The candidates must cover subjects from both Papers 1 and 2. The UGC NET preparation books will provide a clear understanding, accurate explanations, and complete aid in qualifying for the exam. In addition to the reading list, candidates can find preparatory tips below.

The UGC NET is used to determine candidates' eligibility to become assistant professors in Indian universities and colleges. The Indian government awards candidates who qualify for UGC JRF (Junior Research Fellowship) with a fellowship to conduct research in the topic for which they have qualified.

UGC NET Books 2025

The UGC NET notice 2025 for the June cycle was issued on April 16, 2025. Candidates studying for the NTA UGC NET exam should obtain the best book for preparation. As we all know, there are several preparation books accessible in the market, as well as internet resources. However, it is untrustworthy and not worth purchasing every book on the market. Candidates are suggested to read the books listed below in preparation for the UGC NET examination.

The books listed below are credible and suitable for preparing for the UGC NET exam 2025. The books contain extensive and useful information, and applicants can use them to prepare for the UGC NET.

UGC NET Books 2025 for Paper 1

Books are essential tools for exam preparation. Candidates should obtain the greatest UGC NET preparing materials to ensure success in the upcoming NET exam 2025. Paper 1 takes on greater significance when it is one of the applicants' scoring subjects. Paper 1 covers topics such as general aptitude and teaching aptitude. Candidates can get the most recent UGC NET Paper 1 books listed below:

UGC NET 2025 Books for Paper 2   

The UGC NET exam notification was posted on the official website. To pass the NTA NET exam, candidates must carefully prepare until the exam's final day. Candidates might save time and effort by studying the books rather than going over the curriculum and exam pattern thoroughly. Candidates can see the list of UGC NET books for the Paper 2 test below:  

How to Choose the Best Books for UGC NET 2025  

The top UGC NET books depend on the candidate's preferences and performance. To select the best literature, candidates should bear the following points in mind:  

• Look for books that cover areas that require practice and more experience.  
• Analyze all the UGC NET books that are available on the market.  
• Choose books with practice papers that match prior years' question patterns.  
• Read online reviews before purchasing the book.  
• The books should have the maximum amount of practice papers and the previous year's question papers.  

Importance of UGC NET Books 2025  

UGC NET books play a significant role in test preparation. Candidates can go through the following points to understand the significance of UGC NET books:  

• Reading the book might assist the candidate know the syllabus and exam pattern inside out without actually going through it.  
• UGC NET books can assist applicants cover all of the topics recommended by the UGC.  
• Candidates can clear the foundations of the UGC NET test with the help of books.  

UGC NET Preparation Tips 2025  

Candidates can use the UGC NET study strategies provided below to qualify for the exam in 2025. The following strategies can bring out the best in applicants and help them perform well in the UGC NET Exam:  

• Start Preparing for the UGC NET exam since the university days.  
• Follow the syllabus of central universities to cover the most topics in the exam.  
• Create a timetable that ensures the applicant can cover all of the areas of the syllabus, leaving time for revision and practice.  
• Practicing previous year's question papers will assist candidates understand the exam format and the parts that receive the most weightage in the question paper.  
• Take the practice tests under exam settings to prepare for the exam day.  
• Train for accuracy and speed. It will aid candidates with their time management.  
• Take frequent pauses as you prepare for the UGC NET exam 2025. Relaxing the mind might bring out the best in the examination.